1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Tarka 180 mg/2 mg modified-release capsules
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each modified-release capsule contains 180 mg of verapamil hydrochloride and 2 mg of trandolapril.
Excipient: 54.50 mg lactose monohydrate/modified-release capsule.
For a full list of excipients see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Modified-release capsule
Pale pink opaque
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Essential hypertension in patients whose blood pressure has been normalised with the individual components in the same proportion of doses.
Refer to section 4.4 (special warnings and precautions for use).
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The usual dosage is one capsule once daily, taken in the morning before, with or after breakfast. The capsules should be swallowed whole.
Children and adolescents: Tarka is contraindicated in children and adolescents (<18 years) (see also section 4.3).
Elderly: As systemic availability is higher in elderly patients compared to younger hypertensives, some elderly patients might experience a more pronounced blood pressure lowering effect (see section 4.4).
Renal insufficiency: Tarka is contraindicated in severe renal impairment (see section 4.3).
Hepatic insufficiency: the use of Tarka is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment; Tarka is contraindicated in patients with liver cirrhosis with ascites (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to trandolapril or any other ACE inhibitor and/or verapamil or to any of the excipients
- History of angioneurotic oedema associated with previous ACE inhibitor therapy
- Hereditary/idiopathic angioneurotic oedema
- Cardiogenic shock
- Recent myocardial infarction with complications
- Second- or third-degree AV block without a functioning pacemaker
- SA block
- Sick sinus syndrome in patients without a functioning pacemaker
- Congestive heart failure
- Atrial flutter/fibrillation in association with an accessory pathway (e.g. WPW-syndrome)
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min)
- Dialysis
- Liver cirrhosis with ascites
- Aortic or mitral stenosis, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Primary aldosteronism
- 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.4 and 4.6)
- Use in children and adolescents (< 18 years)
- Is contraindicated in patients concomitantly treated with i.v. β-adrenoreceptor antagonists (exception: intensive care unit)
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Symptomatic hypotension:
Under certain circumstances, Tarka may occasionally produce symptomatic hypotension. This risk is elevated in patients with a stimulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g., volume or salt depletion, due to the use of diuretics, a low-sodium diet, dialysis, dehydration, diarrhoea or vomiting; decreased left ventricular function, renovascular hypertension).
Such patients should have their volume or salt depletion corrected beforehand and therapy should preferably be initiated in a hospital setting. Patients experiencing hypotension during titration should lie down and may require volume expansion by oral fluid supply or intravenous administration of normal saline. Tarka therapy can usually be continued once blood volume and pressure have been effectively corrected.
Close monitoring during initiation of therapy and dose adjustment is also needed in patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
Kidney function impairment (see also section 4.3):
Patients with moderate renal impairment should have their kidney function monitored.
Tarka may produce hyperkalaemia in patients with renal dysfunction.
Acute deterioration of kidney function (acute renal failure) may occur especially in patients with pre-existing kidney function impairment, or congestive heart failure.
There is insufficient experience with Tarka in secondary hypertension and particularly in renal vascular hypertension. Hence, Tarka should not be administered to these patients, especially since patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or unilateral renal artery stenosis in individuals with a single functioning kidney (e.g., renal transplant patients) are endangered to suffer an acute loss of kidney function.
Proteinuria:
Proteinuria may occur particularly in patients with existing renal function impairment or on relatively high doses of ACE inhibitors.
Diabetic patients:
In diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, glycaemic control should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.5).
Severe hepatic impairment:
Since there is insufficient therapeutic experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment, the use of Tarka cannot be recommended. Tarka is contraindicated in patients with severe liver cirrhosis with ascites (see also section 4.3). Very rarely, ACE inhibitor therapy has been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice or hepatitis and progresses to fulminant necrosis and sometimes death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving Tarka who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue Tarka and receive medical follow-up.
Angioneurotic oedema:
Rarely, ACE inhibitors (such as trandolapril) may cause angioneurotic oedema that includes swelling of the face, extremities, tongue, glottis, and/or larynx. Patients experiencing angioneurotic oedema must immediately discontinue trandolapril therapy and be monitored until oedema resolution.
Angioneurotic oedema confined to the face will usually resolve spontaneously. Oedema involving not only the face but also the glottis may be life-threatening because of the risk of airway obstruction.
Compared to non-black patients a higher incidence of angioedema has been reported in black patients treated with ACE inhibitors.
Angioneurotic oedema involving the tongue, glottis or larynx requires immediate subcutaneous administration of 0.3-0.5 ml of epinephrine solution (1:1000) along with other therapeutic measures as appropriate.
Caution must be exercised in patients with a history of idiopathic angioneurotic oedema, and Tarka is contraindicated if angioneurotic oedema was an adverse reaction to an ACE inhibitor (see also section 4.3).
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis:
The risk of neutropenia appears to be dose-and type-related and is dependent on the patient's clinical status. It is rarely seen in uncomplicated patients but may occur in patients with some degree of renal impairment especially when it is associated with collagen vascular disease e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and therapy with immunosuppressive medicinal products. It is reversible after discontinuation of the ACE inhibitor.
Cough:
During treatment with an ACE inhibitor a dry and non-productive cough may occur which disappears after discontinuation.
Hyperkalaemia:
Hyperkalaemia may occur during treatment with an ACE inhibitor, especially in the presence of renal insufficiency and/or heart failure. Potassium supplements or potassium sparing diuretics are generally not recommended, since they may lead to significant increases in plasma potassium. If concomitant use of the above mentioned medicinal products is deemed appropriate, they should be used with frequent monitoring of serum potassium.
Elderly:
Tarka has been studied in a limited number of elderly hypertensive patients only. Pharmacokinetic data show that the systemic availability of Tarka is higher in elderly compared to younger hypertensives. Some elderly patients might experience a more pronounced blood pressure lowering effect than others. Evaluation of the renal function at the beginning of treatment is recommended.
Surgical patients:
In patients undergoing major surgery requiring general anaesthesia, ACE inhibitors may produce hypotension, which can be corrected by plasma volume expanders.
Conduction disturbances:
Treatments should be used with caution in patients with first degree atrioventricular block (see also section 4.3).
Bradycardia:
Tarka should be used with caution in patients with bradycardia (see also section 4.3).
Diseases in which neuromuscular transmission is affected:
Tarka should be used with caution in patients with diseases in which neuromuscular transmission is affected (myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy).
Desensitisation:
Anaphylactoid reactions (in some cases life threatening) may develop in patients receiving ACE inhibitor therapy and concomitant desensitisation against animal venoms.
LDL-aphaeresis:
Life threatening anaphylactoid reactions have been noted when patients on LDL-aphaeresis take ACE inhibitors at the same time.
Evaluation of the patients should include assessment of renal function prior to initiation of therapy and during treatment.
Blood pressure readings for evaluation of therapeutic response to Tarka should always be taken before the next dose.
Lactose:
Tarka 180/2 mg modified-release capsules contain lactose. Each modified-release capsule contains 54.50 mg of lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Sodium:
This medicinal product contains 1.12 mmol (or 25.71 mg) sodium per dose. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Lithium:
The combination of lithium and Tarka is not recommended (see section 4.5).
Pregnancy:
ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
Lactation:
The use of Tarka is not recommended in women whom are breastfeeding (see section 4.6).
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Interactions with other medicinal products may occur as a result of a pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interaction or a combination of both. In cases where events are associated with both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions a cross reference to the relevant section is included.
Not recommended association
- Potassium sparing diuretics or potassium supplements: ACE inhibitors attenuate diuretic induced potassium loss. Potassium sparing diuretics e.g. spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride, potassium supplements, or potassium containing salt substitutes may lead to significant increases in serum potassium, particularly in the presence of renal function impairment. If concomitant use is indicated because of demonstrated hypokalaemia they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium.
- Dantrolene: The simultaneous use of verapamil with dantrolene is not recommended.
- Lithium: there have been reports of both an increase and a reduction in the effects of lithium used concurrently with verapamil. The concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors with lithium may reduce the excretion of lithium. Serum lithium levels should be monitored frequently (see section 4.4).
- Intravenous beta-blockers should not be administered during treatment with Tarka (see section 4.3). The combination of verapamil with beta-blockers may provide a strong AV-conduction disturbance, which in some cases may lead to severe bradycardia: serious cardiodepression may also arise.
Precautions for use
- Antihypertensive medicinal products: increase of the hypotensive effect of Tarka (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Diuretics: patients on diuretics and especially those who are volume-and / or salt depleted may experience an excessive reduction of blood pressure after initiation of therapy with an ACE inhibitor. The possibility of hypotensive effects can be reduced by discontinuation of the diuretic, by increasing volume or salt intake prior to intake and by initiation of therapy with low doses. Further increases in dosage should be performed with caution.
- Anaesthetics: Tarka may enhance the hypotensive effects of certain anaesthetic medicinal products.
- Narcotics/antipsychotics: postural hypotension may occur.
- Tranquillisers/antidepressants: as with all antihypertensives, there is an elevated risk of orthostatic hypotension when combining Tarka with major tranquillisers or antidepressant medicinal products containing imipramine (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Allopurinol, cytostatic or immunosuppressive medicinal products, systemic corticosteroids or procainamide: concomitant administration with ACE inhibitors may lead to an increased risk for leukopenia (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Cardiodepressive medicinal products: the concurrent use of verapamil and cardiodepressives, i.e., medicinal products that inhibit cardiac impulse generation and conduction (e.g., beta-adrenergic blockers, antiarrhythmics, inhalation anaesthetics), may produce undesirable additive effects (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Quinidine: the concomitant use of quinidine and oral verapamil in patients with hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy has resulted in hypotension and pulmonary oedema in a small number of cases (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Digoxin and Digitoxin: concurrent use of digoxin and verapamil has been reported to result in 50-75% higher digoxin plasma concentrations, requiring reduction of the digoxin and digitoxin dosage. Verapamil has also shown to reduce total body clearance and extrarenal clearance of digitoxin by 27% and 29% respectively (see Pharmacokinetic interactions with Verapamil).
- Muscle relaxants: the effect of muscle relaxants (such as neuromuscular blockers) may be enhanced.
Take into account
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce the antihypertensive effect of an ACE inhibitor. Furthermore it has been described that NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors exert an additive effect on the increase in serum potassium, whereas renal function may decrease. These effects are in principle reversible, and occur especially in patients with compromised renal function.
- Antacids: induce decreased bioavailability of ACE inhibitors.
- Sympathomimetics: may reduce the antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors; patient should be carefully monitored to confirm that the desired effect is being obtained.
- Alcohol: enhances the hypotensive effect of Tarka.
- Antidiabetics: a dose adjustment of antidiabetics or of Tarka may be necessary in individual cases especially at the start of therapy due to increased reduction of blood glucose (see section 4.4).
- Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin): The concomitant use of acetylsalicylic acid can increase the side effect profile of acetylsalicylic acid (may increase the risk of bleeding).
Pharmacokinetic Interactions with Verapamil:
In-vitro metabolic studies indicate that verapamil is metabolised by cytochrome P450 CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C18. Verapamil is a known inhibitor of CYP3A4 enzymes. Clinically significant interactions have been reported with inhibitors of CYP3A4 causing elevation of plasma levels of verapamil, while inducers of CYP3A4 have caused lowering of plasma levels of verapamil, therefore patients should be monitored for drug interactions. Examples of such interactions are:
(a) Verapamil may increase the plasma concentrations of:
- almotriptan, buspirone, carbamazepine, ciclosporin, digoxin, digitoxin, doxorubicin, glyburide (glibenclamide), imipramine, metoprolol, midazolam, prazosin, propranolol, quinidine, sirolimus, tacrolimus, terazosin and theophylline thus increasing risk of toxicity from these compounds. Where appropriate, dose adjustment or additional monitoring of plasma concentrations should be considered.
- HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: An increase in serum exposure has been reported for simvastatin (metabolised by CYP3A4) when concomitantly administered with verapamil. The concomitant administration of verapamil and high doses of simvastatin has been reported to increase the risk of myopathia/rhabdomyolysis. The dose of simvastatin (and other statins metabolised by CYP3A4 such as atorvastatin and lovastatin) should be adapted accordingly.
(b) Verapamil concentrations may be increased by:
- cimetidine, erythromycin, and telithromycin.
- Grapefruit juice has been shown to increase the plasma levels of verapamil, which is a component of Tarka. Grapefruit juice should therefore not be ingested with Tarka.
(c) Verapamil concentrations may be reduced by:
- phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampicin, sulfinpyrazone and St. John's wort.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of ACE inhibitors is contraindicated during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
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Pregnancy
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
ACE inhibitor therapy exposure during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human foetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia) (see also 5.3 'Preclinical safety data'). Should exposure to ACE inhibitor have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see also section 4.3 and 4.4). Verapamil may inhibit contractions if used at the end of the pregnancy. Also, foetal bradycardia and hypotension cannot be excluded, based on the pharmacological properties.
Lactation
Verapamil is excreted in low amounts into human breast milk. There is no information available regarding the use of trandolapril during breastfeeding.
Tarka is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
There are no data available, but an effect cannot be ruled out, since the undesirable effects such as dizziness and fatigue can occur.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The adverse drug reactions for Tarka are consistent with those known for its components or the respective class of medicinal products. The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions are cough, headache, constipation, vertigo, dizziness and hot flush (see table below).
Adverse events either reported spontaneously or observed in clinical trials are depicted in the following table. Within each system organ class, the adverse drug reactions are ranked under headings of frequency, using the following convention: very common (
System Organ Class
|
Frequency
|
Undesirable Effects
|
Infections and infestations
|
|
|
|
rare
|
- herpes simplex
|
|
very rare
|
- bronchitis
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
|
|
|
|
very rare
|
- leukopenia
- pancytopenia
- thrombocytopenia
|
Immune system disorders
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- hypersensitivity
|
Metabolism and nutritional disorders
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- hyperlipidaemia
|
|
rare
|
- anorexia
|
Psychiatric disorders
|
|
|
|
very rare
|
- aggression
- anxiety
- depression
- nervousness
|
Nervous system disorders
|
|
|
|
common
|
- dizziness
- headache
|
|
uncommon
|
- tremor
- somnolence
|
|
rare
|
- syncope
|
|
very rare
|
- balance disorder
- insomnia
- paraesthesia
- hyperaesthesia
- loss of consciousness
- dysgeusia
- cerebral haemorrhage
|
Eye disorders
|
|
|
|
very rare
|
- visual impairment
- vision blurred
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders
|
|
|
|
common
|
- vertigo
|
Cardiac disorders
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- atrioventricular block first degree
- palpitations
|
|
very rare
|
- angina pectoris
- atrial fibrillation
- atrioventricular block complete
- atrioventricular block
- bradycardia
- cardiac arrest
- cardiac failure
- tachycardia
|
Vascular disorders
|
|
|
|
common
|
- hot flush
|
|
very rare
|
- shock
- flushing
- hypotension (see also section 4.4)
- orthostatic hypotension (see also section 4.4)
- blood pressure fluctuation (see also section 4.4)
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
|
|
|
common
|
- cough
|
|
very rare
|
- asthma
- dyspnoea
- sinus congestion
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
|
|
|
|
common
|
- constipation
|
|
uncommon
|
- abdominal pain
- diarrhoea
- gastrointestinal disorder
- nausea
|
|
very rare
|
- dry mouth
- dry throat
- pancreatitis
- vomiting
|
Hepatobiliary disorders
|
|
|
|
rare
|
- hyperbilirubinaemia
|
|
very rare
|
- cholestasis
- hepatitis
- jaundice
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- face oedema
- pruritus
- rash
- hyperhidrosis
|
|
rare
|
- alopecia
- skin disorder
|
|
very rare
|
- angioedema (see also section 4.4)
- erythema multiforme
- dermatitis
- psoriasis
- urticaria
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
|
|
|
|
very rare
|
- arthralgia
- myalgia
- muscular weakness
|
Renal and urinary disorders
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- polyuria
|
|
very rare
|
- renal failure acute (see also section 4.4)
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders
|
|
|
|
very rare
|
- gynaecomastia
- erectile dysfunction
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General disorders and administration site conditions
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- chest pain
|
|
very rare
|
- fatigue
- asthenia
- oedema peripheral
- oedema
|
Investigations
|
|
|
|
uncommon
|
- liver function test abnormal
|
|
very rare
|
- blood alkaline phosphatase increased
- blood potassium increased
- transaminases increased
- immunoglobulins increased
- gamma-glutamyltransferase increased
- blood lactate dehydrogenase increased
- lipase increased
|
The following adverse reactions have not yet been reported in relation to Tarka, but are generally accepted as being attributable to ACE inhibitors:
- Infections and infestations: Rarely, sinusitis and rhinitis.
- Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Haemoglobin decreased, haematocrit decreased and individual cases agranulocytosis. Isolated cases of haemolytic anaemia have been reported in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Psychiatric disorders: Occasionally confusional state and rarely sleep disorder.
- Nervous system disorders: Rarely, balance disorder and transient ischaemic attack.
- Ear and labyrinth disorders: Tinnitus
- Cardiac disorders: Individual cases of arrhythmia and myocardial infarction a have been reported for ACE inhibitors in association with hypotension.
- Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Rarely, bronchospasm.
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Occasionally, dyspepsia, individual cases of ileus and glossitis.
- Hepatobiliary disorders: Individual cases of cholestatic jaundice.
- Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Occasionally hypersensitivity, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. This can be accompanied by pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia, eosinophilia and / or antinuclear antibody increased.
- Investigations: Blood urea increased and blood creatinine increased may occur, especially in the presence of renal failure, cardiac failure and renovascular hypertension. These increases are, however, reversible on discontinuation.
Symptomatic or severe hypotension has occasionally occurred after initiation of therapy with ACE inhibitors. This occurs especially in certain risk groups, such as patients with a stimulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
The following adverse reactions have not yet been reported in relation to Tarka, but are generally accepted as being attributable to phenylalkylamine calcium-channel blockers:
- Endocrine disorders: Hyperprolactinaemia has been described.
- Nervous system disorders: in some cases, there may be extrapyramidal disorder (such as Parkinson's disease, choreoathetosis, dystonia). Experience so far has shown that these symptoms resolve once the medicinal product is discontinued. There have been isolated reports of myasthenia gravis, myasthenic syndrome (such as Lambert-Eaton syndrome) and advanced cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Gingival hyperplasia following long-term treatment is extremely rare and reversible after discontinuation of therapy.
- Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythromelalgia have been described. In isolated cases allergic dermatitis, such as erythema.
- Reproductive system and breast disorders: Galactorrhoea has been described.
Hypotension in patients with angina pectoris or cerebrovascular disorder treated with verapamil may result in myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
4.9 Overdose
The highest dose used in clinical trials was 16 mg of trandolapril. This dose produced no signs or symptoms of intolerance.
During overdose with Tarka, the following signs and symptoms may occur due to the verapamil component: hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, asystole and negative inotropy. Fatalities have occurred as a result of overdose.
During overdose with Tarka, the following signs and symptoms may occur due to the ACE inhibitor component: severe hypotension, shock, stupor, bradycardia, electrolyte disturbance, renal failure, hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, dizziness, anxiety, and cough.
Treatment:
After ingestion of an overdose of Tarka capsules total intestinal lavage should be considered. Further absorption of verapamil present in the gastrointestinal tract should be prevented by gastric lavage, administration of an absorbent (activated charcoal) and a laxative.
Except for general measures (maintenance of an adequate circulation volume with plasma or plasma replacements) against severe hypotension (e.g. shock), inotropic support with dopamine, dobutamine or isoprenaline can also be administered.
Treatment of overdose with Tarka should be supportive. Treatment of the overdose of the verapamil hydrochloride component has included the administration of parenteral calcium, beta adrenergic stimulation and gastrointestinal irrigation. Due to the potential for delayed absorption of the sustained release verapamil portion of Tarka, patients may require observation and hospitalisation for up to 48 hours. Verapamil hydrochloride can not be removed by haemodialysis.
The recommended treatment of trandolapril overdose is intravenous infusion of normal saline solution. If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the shock position. If available, treatment with angiotensin II infusion and/or intravenous catecholamines may also be considered. If ingestion is recent, take measures to eliminate trandolapril (e.g. emesis, gastric lavage, administration of absorbents and sodium sulphate). It is not known whether trandolapril (or the active metabolite, trandolaprilat) can be removed via haemodialysis. Pacemaker therapy is indicated for therapy-resistant bradycardia. Vital signs, serum electrolytes and creatinine concentrations should be monitored frequently.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group:
ATC code:
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Verapamil, combinations
C08DA51
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Tarka is a fixed combination of the heart-rate lowering calcium antagonist verapamil and the ACE inhibitor trandolapril.
Verapamil
The pharmacologic action of verapamil is due to inhibition of the influx of calcium ions through the slow channels of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells and of the conductile and contractile cells in the heart.
The mechanism of action of verapamil produces the following effects:
1. Arterial vasodilation.
In general, verapamil reduces arterial pressure both at rest and at a given level of exercise by dilating peripheral arterioles.
This reduction in total peripheral resistance (afterload) reduces myocardial oxygen requirements and energy consumption.
2. Reduction of myocardial contractility.
The negative inotropic activity of verapamil can be compensated by the reduction in total peripheral resistance.
The cardiac index will not be decreased unless in patients with pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction.
Verapamil does not interfere with sympathetic regulation of the heart because it does not block the beta-adrenergic receptors.
Spastic bronchitis and similar conditions, therefore, are not contraindications to verapamil.
Trandolapril
Trandolapril suppresses the plasma renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS). Renin is an endogenous enzyme synthesized by the kidneys and released into the circulation where it converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin Ι a relatively inactive decapeptide. Angiotensin Ι is then converted by angiotensin converting enzyme, a peptidyldipeptidase, to angiotensin ΙΙ. Angiote
